Category: Machine Type

What API Standards Govern Rotor Dynamics Analysis?

Posted by Daniel Green

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Hello and welcome to this December edition of the Intro to Rotor Dynamics Blog; and if you’re re-reading this, welcome back! Here are the other entries in this series if you want to retrace our steps thus far:

Series Preface

What is Rotor Dynamics? And Where is it Found?

Why is Rotor Dynamics so Important?

So now that we’ve covered the basic definition of rotor dynamics and established the consequences of inaccurate/incomplete analyses, let’s look at what standards govern rotor dynamics.

In general, there are several different codes and standards that rotor dynamics engineers look to in order to make machines compliant. The standard they look at for compliance depends on the location of the company, as well as the kind of machine, what industry the company/machines are present in, and what the machine’s application is.  With so many different applications, there are many different places to consult in order to make a compliant machine.

So, what are the governing bodies on rotor dynamics and vibration analyses as well as the balancing of rotating machines? Well, there are several

  • – First, you have the American Petroleum Institute, commonly known as API.
  • – Next, there’s the International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO.
  • – There’s also ANSI, the American National Standards Institute.
  • – Lastly, each company may have internal rules and standards, with their own calculations and tests that are more stringent than the requirements put forth by the other governing bodies.

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So where would you find the rules relating to rotor dynamics in the API’s and the ISO’s long lists of standards and regulations? I’m glad you asked.

Governing Bodies for Rotordynamics

API Standards

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Choosing the Right Turbomachinery Component

Posted by Abdul Nassar

Traditionally the engineering process starts with Front End Engineering Design (FEED) which is essentially the conceptual design to realize the feasibility of the project and to get an estimate of the investments required. This step is also a precursor to defining the scope for Engineering Procurement and Construction Activities (EPC). Choosing the right EPC consultant is crucial as this shapes the final selection of the equipment in the plant including turbomachinery.

Large thermal power machine

Choosing the right component for the right application is not an easy task. Too many times, one ends up choosing a component that is not the best choice by far. This is quite true when we look at component selections in the process industries compared to those in a power plant where the operating conditions are more or less constant. This improper selection of components is due to multiple reasons such as: insufficient research and studies; limitation of time, resources, budget etc. Read More

Thermal Management in Aerospace Electric Propulsion Systems

Posted by Suheab Thamizullah

The growing interest towards electric propulsion system for various applications in aerospace industry is driven first by the ambitious carbon emissions and external noise reduction targets. An electric propulsion (EP) system not only helps reduce the carbon emissions and external noise, but also helps reduce operating cost, fuel consumption and increases safety levels, performance and efficiency of the overall propulsion system. However, the introduction of electric propulsion system leads engineers to account for certain key challenges such as electric energy storage capabilities, electric system weight, heat generated by the electric components, safety, and reliability, etc. The available electric power capacity on board may be one of the major limitations of EP, when compared with a conventional propulsion system. This may be the reason electric propulsion is not the default propulsion system. Now, let’s consider how electric propulsion is used in the aerospace industry. Following the hybridization or complete electrification strategy of the electric drive pursued on terrestrial vehicles, the aerospace industry is giving great attention to the application of electrical technology and power electronics for aircrafts.

Figure 1 Aircraft Electric Propulsion Architectures
Figure 1. Aircraft Electric Propulsion Architectures. SOURCE: [1]
Electric Propulsion in aircrafts may be able to reduce carbon emissions, but only if new technologies attain the specific power, weight, and reliability required for a successful flight. Six different aircraft electric propulsion architectures are shown in Figure 1, above, one is all-electric, three are hybrid electric, and two are turbo-electric.  These architectures, rely on different electric technologies (batteries, motors, generators, etc.).

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Why is Rotor Dynamics so Important?

Posted by Daniel Green

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[:en]Welcome back for the 3rd installment of our introduction to rotor dynamics! If this is your first time having a look at this series, hello! Feel free to have a look at the previous installments if you want to play catch-up or get a refresher.

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Otherwise, let’s get into a question I’m sure a few of you have been asking. Why is rotor dynamics analysis so important?

Steam Turbine View and Train Lateral Model
Steam Turbine View and Train Lateral Model in AxSTREAM RotorDynamics

Let’s start with a basic premise. As we’ve previously established, rotor dynamics is the behavior of rotating equipment and the analyses of said behavior. Rotating equipment tends to be very expensive to design, develop, and manufacture, so from a financial standpoint, it is prudent to ensure that the behavior of the equipment as it operates does not jeopardize itself or any other. A machine like an aero engine cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars for a team to design, analyze and refine the flowpath, therefore, an analysis which costs a fraction of that money and also ensures the rotor-train is properly supported is a prudent use of time and engineering resources. Read More

Unsteady Flow Simulation in Hydraulic Systems

Posted by Yurii Hyrka
[:en]An unsteady flow is one where the parameters change with respect to time. In general, any liquid flow is unsteady. But if a hydraulic system is working at constant boundary conditions, then the parameters of the fluid flow change slowly; thus this flow is considered steady. At the same time, if the parameters of the fluid flow oscillate over time relative to some constant value, then it called quasi-steady flow 1.

In practice, most fluid flows are steady or quasi-steady. Examples of the three flows are presented in Figure 1. Steady flow is presented by a simple pipe. The quasi-steady flow is represented by a sharpened edge channel. The unsteady flow is presented by an outflow from a reservoir.

Figure 1 - Different Types of Fluid Flow
Figure 1 – Different Types of Fluid Flow
Different Cases of Unsteady Flow

During operations, hydraulic systems act for long intervals at steady conditions which are called operating modes. Change between two different operating modes occurs over a short time interval (called a transient mode). If any hydraulic system works more than 95% of the time at these operating modes though, why is the unsteady flow is so important? Because the loads depend on time intervals. If the load is less, then the maximum system pressure is higher. Read More

A World Without Turbomachinery

Posted by Daniel Green
[:en]In just about every corner of the globe, machines are used and needed for the modern world and its people to function in normal everyday life. But what if these machines were to just…disappear? How badly would it disrupt modern society? Our young protagonist is about to find himself in the midst of such a scenario as he comes to realize he’s taken residence in an apartment building located inside a little neighborhood known as…the twilight zone.  

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I open my eyes slowly and rejoin the world, in all of its silence. Hold on, it’s Thursday, the alarm was supposed to wake me up! I roll over to check the time, and the screen is just a blank, black façade. That’s odd. The alarm clock isn’t working. The fan isn’t on either. The power must be out. What could have happened to shut off the power? Read More

An Introduction to Thermal Management in Electric Propulsion Systems

Posted by Suheab Thamizullah

Reduction in CO2 emissions is driving the development of different electric, turbo-electric and hybrid electric propulsion systems for various applications and industries including space, aviation, automotive and marine. Electric propulsion (EP) is not a new concept, having been studied in parallel with chemical propulsion for many years. EP is a generic name encompassing all the ways of accelerating a propellant using electric power by different possible electric and/or magnetic means. The simplest way to achieve electric propulsion is to replace the heat generated by combustion in conventional chemical engines with electrical heating.

Electric propulsion systems offer several advantages compared to other conventional propulsion systems. It not only helps reduce the environmental emissions but also helps reduce fuel consumption and increases safety levels. Electric propulsion has become a cost effective and sound engineering solutions for many applications. Electric propulsion engines are also more efficient than others. It is proven to be one of the most energy saving technologies as we can use more renewable sources of energy (due to the versatility of electricity generation) instead of non-renewable sources of energy like gasoline. The major limitation of electric propulsion, when compared with conventional propulsion is limited by the available electric power capacity on board, this may be the reason, it is not the default propulsion system.

Electric Propulsion Architectures
Figure 1. Electric Propulsion Architectures. SOURCE: [4]
Generally, electric propulsion architectures vary depending on the application. Figure 1, above, shows the EP architectures for an aviation application. These architectures rely on different electric technologies (batteries, motors, generators, and so on). Typical aircrafts use gas turbine engines as the source of propulsion power, but all electric aircraft systems use batteries as the only source of propulsion power as shown in Figure 1 on the right. The hybrid systems use gas turbine engines for propulsion and to charge batteries which also provide energy for propulsion and accessories during one or more phases of flight as shown in Figure 1 on the left. Read More

Gas Turbine Lubrication Systems

Posted by Yurii Hyrka

Gas turbines have had a presence in many industries for more than a century. They are a unique technology for either producing an energy or propelling a vehicle and the efficiency of modern gas turbines is being improved continuously. One of them, a cooling system, has been described in earlier blogs. Another is the lubrication system of a gas turbine which we will cover in this blog. This  system, similar to that of a piston engine or a steam turbine, provides lubrication to decrease mechanical losses and prevent of wear on friction surfaces. Another function is the removal of heat released during friction by high rotational part and transmitted from the hot part of a turbine.  The basic units which need lubrication are the bearings supporting a shaft of a gas turbine 2.

Modern Dual Journal
Figure 1. The construction of modern dual journal4
Elements for lubrication

In a common case, gas turbine installation contains three main journal bearings used to support the gas turbine rotor 3. Additionally, thrust bearings are also maintained at the rotor-to-stator axial position 4. Click here for additional information about optimization of journal bearings. The bearing has important elements in its construction to prevent leakages from a lubrication system. The work, design and analysis of labyrinth seals is describe here.

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Preventing Choke and Surge in a Compressor

Posted by Gaurav Gir

Turbo Compressors are used to increase the pressure of a gas, which are required in propulsion systems like a gas turbine, as well as many production processes in the energy sectors, and various other important industries such as the oil and gas, chemical industries, and many more.

Such compressors are highly specific to the working fluid used (gas) and the specific operating conditions of the processes for which they are designed. This makes them very expensive. Thus, such turbo compressors should be designed and operate with high level of care and accuracy to avoid any failure and to extract the best performance possible from the machine.

Axial Compressor and Centrifugal Compressor in AxSTREAM
Figure 1 (A) Axial Compressor (B) Centrifugal Compressor in AxSTREAM®

Turbo Compressor Characteristic Curves

The characteristic curves of any turbo compressor define the operating zone for the compressor at different speed lines and is limited by the two phenomenon called choke and surge. These two opposing constraints can be seen in Figure 2.

Choke conditions occurs when a compressor operates at the maximum mass flow rate. Maximum flow happens as the Mach number reaches to unity at some part of the compressor, i.e. as it reaches sonic velocity, the flow is said to be choked. In other words, the maximum volume flow rate in compressor passage is limited by limited size of the throat region.  Generally, this calculation is important for applications where high molecular weight fluids are involved in the compression process.

Surge is the characteristic behavior of a turbo compressor at low flow rate conditions where a complete breakdown of steady flow occurs. Due to a surge, the outlet pressure of the compressor is reduced drastically, and results in flow reversal from discharge to suction. It is an undesirable phenomenon that can create high vibrations, damage the rotor bearings, rotor seals, compressor driver and affect the entire cycle operation.

Compressor Performance Curve
Figure 2 Compressor Performance Curve

Preventing Choke and Surge Conditions

Both choke conditions and surge conditions are undesirable for optimal operation of a turbo compressor.  Each condition must be considered during design to ensure these conditions are prevented. Read More

What is Rotor Dynamics? And Where is it Found?

Posted by Daniel Green

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Welcome to this next edition of our “Introduction to Rotor Dynamics” series! In this edition we’ll be covering the definitions of rotor dynamics, and how it is an important factor in the lifetime of a rotating machine. So, for starters, what is rotor dynamics?

Well, if you read our preface which can be found here, you probably knew the answer already; or if you’ve been working in this field, you probably also have a good answer. For those of you new to rotor dynamics, however, it’s a branch of applied mechanics in mechanical engineering and is concerned with the behavior of all rotating equipment; considering phenomena like vibration, resonances, stability, and balancing. It accounts for many effects: from bearings, seals, supports, loads and other components that can act on the rotating system.

Is rotor dynamics vibration analysis?

Yes partially, but there is much more that needs to be considered as you can guess from the above definition. Vibration analysis simply isn’t enough, because the rotors in these machines spin at such high RPMs and are so heavily loaded. Something as simple as the bearing’s position and stiffness, or a slight asymmetry from blade creep can affect a rotor’s behavior.

Where can rotor dynamics be found and analyzed?

The short answer is, there are numerous machines where rotor dynamics can be considered.  In fact, it’s probably easier to list the numerous applications where rotor dynamics doesn’t exist.

A 3D model of a gas turbine rotor train
Figure 1: A 3D Model of a Gas Turbine Rotor Train.

Below is a very short list of some examples where rotor dynamics can be considered: Read More